Outline the Essential Elements of Ethnography
PART 1
For this assignment you will review Wang (2013), which utilizes ethnography. You will dissect it to show the essential elements needed to conduct an ethnographic study in a manner that identifies each essential element, sensitivities, and ethical consideration, for your participants.
Wang, X. (2013). The construction of researcher–researched relationships in school ethnography: Doing research, participating in the field and reflecting on ethical dilemmas.International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, (26)7, 763-779. http://dx.doi.org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.1080/09518398.2012.666287
PART 2
You will conclude this assignment with a separate, 1-page assessment of whether this research design would be appropriate to use with the research topic of interest to you that you submitted in Week 1.
PLEASE NOTE-Week 1 assignment is attached and must be followed in previously assignments it was not. Each weeks assignments build on each other. Week 1 Assignment deals with Equal Employment Opportunity!!! So please see the attached assignments from previous weeks 1 and 2 to assure you refer to the “Topic of interest”. If you have any questions please don’t hesitate to contact me.
Length: 5-7 total pages
Please cite the Wang article above plus any other peer reviewed research articles.
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET
Student: Jaymie Brewer
Follow these procedures: If requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. This will become the first page of your assignment. In addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. This should be left justified, with the page number right justified. For example:
| DoeJXXX0000-1 1 |
Save a copy of your assignments: You may need to re-submit an assignment at your instructor’s request. Make sure you save your files in accessible location.
Academic integrity: All work submitted in each course must be your own original work. This includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. Knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. This will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. It may also result in academic dismissal from the University.
| PSY 7108 | Dr. Weigand |
| Assignment #1 | |
Hi Jamie,
I started reading this submission until I realized that you were not completing the assignment as required. Unfortunately, you’ll need to revise and resubmit this assignment.
It appears that you tried to write something appropriate for the final assignment. That wasn’t your task. You were to write a paper where you describe narrative research, identify three ways to use this methodology, and discuss the pros and cons of the strategy. To do this, after introducing this purpose in an introduction, your first topic/heading would have been something like “Defining Narrative Research.” In that section, you’d provide citation-supported definitions and explanations clarifying what’s done using this technique. You’d not refer to research to support your description; instead, you’d refer to our one or both of our required books on qualitative research.
After that, you’d have a section discussing ways to use the methodology. In this section you’d cite at least five studies that used this technique. The topics of the research could be diverse or all about the same thing; however, you’d inform the reader (in the intro) about how the examples relate to this paper’s topic (explaining the method).
Finally, you’d summarize the technique’s strengths and weaknesses. You might again refer to the five articles you’ve reviewed for this paper, or you might refer to info that’s in a textbook on qualitative methods. This could be included in your conclusion, or perhaps in a section before the conclusion. Either way, you’d discuss the pros and cons of this technique.
Given that I started reading this submission, I’ve provided additional feedback on your use of citations/references; this skill needs to be developed. This is a key skill to learn because I will submit at least one of your assignments to Turnitin.com, checking for plagiarism (this is done with every learner). Specifically, although you’ve used citations reasonably well, you need to learn to cite sources to support all claims/sources, unless the assertions are your opinion (if they’re your opinion, you need to state that in your paper). I have identified instances where citations were needed with an “S” in comment boxes.
Finally, although of less importance (typically, 5-10% of your grade), I found grammatical and APA errors in your paper. See my Common Mistakes file (included as part of my welcome package) and the APA Manual for the correct use of APA style because writing will become increasingly important as you progress through your degree. Given that writing is not as important as content, I have not completely edited your paper; instead, I have identified one or twoissues below. Let me know if you’d like to see more (or less) specific feedback on your revision.
Please consider my feedback as supportive, not punitive. As your mentor/coach, I want to help you develop your skills. I also welcome feedback from you about what you’ve liked and disliked about my feedback. Send me an email and I’ll happily discuss anything relevant to this course (or other aspects of your degree program).
Dr. Dan Weigand
P.S. It’s important that you name files correctly. See the syllabus for how to name files (see also how I’ve renamed this file). If you don’t name your files correctly, I won’t grade your assignments.
Introduction
Narrative research is a brief knowledge of a study for which a researcher has collected information and data. In this research, the researcher used qualitative research design for researching on the equal employment opportunity. In addition to this problem of interest, research limitation, research benefits and challenges associated with this research has also been included in this research chapter. For the purpose of an effective research and meet the research objectives, the researcher has used both the primary and secondary research method(Taylor & Finley, 2010).
Background: Equal Employment Opportunity
Research design is on the topic of equal employment opportunity that is all about providing equal opportunity for different individual regardless of gender, race and group. It has identified that equal employment opportunity is different from region to region (Allen et.al,2008). For regulation of equal employment opportunity and to entertain the complaints related to the equal employment opportunity, a regulatory authority Equal Employment Opportunity Commission established in 1964 that was established to assist in protecting US employees from discrimination. Establishment of the EEOC was based on a law to protecting US employees from employment discrimination based on religion, color, race, sex and culture.
EEOC is a federal agency that enforces civil right laws for employees against workplace discrimination. This law is helpful to those employees who generally exploited or avoided by the employer due to differences based upon religion, color, sex, race and culture. The commission has also included discrimination based upon sex stereotyping of gay, lesbian, bio-sexual individuals as a form of sex discrimination. First complaints for EOCC were female flight attendant, however, at the starting age EEOC’s did not include sex discrimination in their law (Anca&Vega, 2006).
Problem of Interest
Main problem of interest in Equal Employment Opportunity is related to the sort out the complaint related to the workplace discrimination. It has identified that many people get exploited by its employer by discriminating inthe workplace due to their different religion, color, race, sex and culture(Ozbilgin&Tatli, 2008). Due to such kind of discrimination many individuals are not able to get the equal opportunity as compare to other individuals who are same in religion, color, race, sex and culture as an employer. Problem of interest has been developed due to increasing discrimination by the employer at workplace by providing different conditions for some employees. In addition to this, equal employment opportunity has been considered as a problem just because according to this act workplace discrimination is a crime and commission can take action against the employer for responding any complaint of workplace discrimination (Andersen, 2007).
In addition to this, the major problem of interest is associated with providing equal opportunity to every US employee, whether they differ in religion, color, race, sex and culture from the employer. Sex discrimination is a main problem and generally such kind of complaints has been received by EEOC (Aoun, 2007). Equal employment opportunity provides freedom and civil right to the employees to avoid workplace discrimination and to get equal opportunity as compared to the other US residents. Moreover, it has identified that equal employment opportunity is also somewhat beneficial for employer just because due to providing equal opportunity to different race, religion and language people, employer also get some different talent and diversified workforce team. Problem area of employment opportunity was started from the sex discrimination at workplace.
Qualitative Research Method
There are various research methods are available that could be used to investigate the problem of the identified research. Basically two types of research method could be used for problem investigation that is primary and secondary. Primary research method is a method, in which the researcher used some primary tools for research, such as questionnaire, survey, data collection and sample of a total population to derive a conclusion. The primary research method is generally associated with high cost and also derives some identical answer that could be integrated with research objectives (Barak, 2013).
Moreover, secondary research methods, such as online sources could be used to investigate the research problem. With the help of secondary research method, the researcher can collect the necessary data and information for the identified problem of equal employment opportunities (Boerner et.al, 2011).Secondary sources are easy to use and also less cost effective as compared to the primary research method.
In addition to this, it has identified that generally researcher used secondary research method in order to support its relevant data. The secondary research method provides additional and big data to researcher for analyzing and to find out the solution of a problem. Moreover, it has defined that some researchers also used the both methods in a combination for their research. Combining primary and secondary research method is helpful and important for developing effective outcomes of a research (Broughton &Strebler, 2008).
Ensuring Literature Review
The review of literature can be ensured that it has used adequate information about a topic of interest and the relevant data. This research mainly concerned with the equal employment opportunity in the organization that can improve the motivation among the people.The collected data areobtained from the authentic and real resources such as book and articles. This information is quite based on the narrative research design and can analyze a particular company(Taylor & Finley, 2010).
Research Limitations
This research has some geographical and other limitations as it has defined that this research included studies of US employees that make this research limited in order to geographically location. Moreover, this research also developed critical thinking of workplace discrimination based on race, color, religion and culture while some other factors has not considered while researching on equal employment opportunities (Hubbard, 2003).
Limitation of the study has made some boundaries of this research, such as it geographically has bounded and this research also has some other limitations such as limited in scope, limitation in overall workplace discrimination criteria and limitation in different conditions of employer and employee. Moreover, research limitations have also increased weak point of the research, such as equal employment opportunity commission is not included only discrimination based on religion, race, color and culture while it also includes discrimination based on minority group and other backward and disables individuals(Allen et.al, 2008).
Research Benefits
Narrative research is always important and beneficial in order to find out the exact and the narrated content with quality research and objectives. Moreover, it is also beneficial for the researcher to present accurate and useful research content that could also be used for some other research and to making strategies. The selected research could be beneficial and important for many organizations in order to develop their effective employment and human resources opportunities(Anca&Vega, 2006). Moreover, this research is also beneficial for some other individual to get the knowledge about the equal employment opportunity and civil rights.
In addition to this, this research is also beneficial for the reader to get the knowledge about the law of equal employment opportunity commission that is a controller and authority of this law. Research is also useful and beneficial for some organizations to get the knowledge of civil rights and equal employment opportunity act that could be integrated with the strategic objectives of the company. With the help of this research, another researcher can also get some idea and detail for their research. Some researcher also used other’s narrative research as their primary research method, or tool, in order to develop some research (Ozbilgin&Tatli, 2008).
Research Challenges
This research has various challenges that faced by the researcher. It has identified that narrative research always comes to detail and brief description in which researcher used primary and secondary both methods. Equal employment opportunity is very deep and relative task for this research and researcher had some problem such as diversified culture, change of habit of the people, changes due to different culture and differences based on color, religion, race or culture. This research also associate with some other challenges such as it has included US employees that has a large population and for getting optimum and feasible objective, it was necessary to consider and include a large population and employee data (Taylor & Finley, 2010).
In addition to this, there were lots of challenges associated with this research, such as collection of data, manipulation of data, integration of data and to process data in order to find out the optimum outcomes of the research. Challenges related to the different circumstances and conditions of employees and employer are also considered as a major challenge. Moreover, this research is also limited in their scope and workplace discrimination of employee based on different factors. This research is also associated with a challenge to find out the optimum and effective solution of the research that could be integrated with the research objectives(Boerner et.al, 2011).
Validity
Validity of threats and data is valid until there are any changes done by equal employment opportunity commission. This research also validates that the data and facts included in this research could be used by another researcher for any other research to find out the optimum solution and to integrate objectives with research. This research has also validated the information and data used under the law of equal employment opportunity. Moreover, in the chosen quality design, there are some other validity threats that are the method used by the researcher in this research design. Moreover, designed research is also validating until unless there will be a new and alternative law is there for equal employment opportunity law (Thomas, 2011).
Ethical Issues
Ethical issues related to this research are associated with data collection and its uniqueness. It has defined that for this research; researcher has not used any unethical source or did not copy any content from copyright matter and essays. Moreover, this research had also not considered any unethical practice or source to collect the data. Primary and secondary research methods have used for this research that also validates some issues for ensuring that this research is not associated with any ethical issue.This research design also has some ethical issues associated with the equal employment opportunity law. Ethical issues are also there with considering the factors that should be included in equal employment opportunity law(Broughton &Strebler, 2008).
Conclusion
On the basis of the findings of the above research, it can be concluded that the researcher has conducted a qualitative research for designing the above research. Moreover, the researcher used a combination of primary and secondary method for this research that was helpful to the researcher in order to meet the research objectives and to find out the feasible solution of this research. At last, it can be concluded that research design has considered all required information and it has designed in the way that could be useful and beneficial for another future research.
References
Allen, R.S., Dawson, G., Wheatley, K. & White, C.S. (2008).Perceived diversity and organizational performance.Employee Relations, 30(1), 20-33.
Anca, C.D. &Vega, A.V. (2006). Managing Diversity in the Global Organization: Creating New Business Values. USA: Palgrave Macmillan.
Andresen, M. (2007).Diversity learning, knowledge diversity and inclusion.Equal Opportunities International, 26 (8), 743-760.
Aoun, G. (2007).Report of an international forum on managing diversity.Equal Opportunities International, 26(1).
Barak, M.E. (2013). Managing Diversity: Toward a Globally Inclusive Workplace. USA: SAGE
Boerner, S., Linkohr, M. & Kiefer, S. (2011). Top management team diversity: positive in the short run, but negative in the long run. Team Performance Management, 17(7).
Broughton, A. &Strebler, M. (2008). Reaping benefits from diversity. Strategic HR review, 7 (5), 5-10.
Hubbard, E. (2003).The Managers Pocket Guide to Diversity Management. USA: Human Resource Development.
Ozbilgin, M. &Tatli, A. (2008).Global Diversity Management: An Evidence Based Approach. USA: Palgrave Macmillan.
Taylor, M. & Finley, D. (2010).Acculturation, assimilation, and retention of international workers in resorts.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(5), 681-692.
Thomas, R.R. (2011). World Class Diversity Management: A Strategic Approach. USA: ReadHowYouWant.com .
This isn’t a very good intro. See my Common Mistakes file for what should be included in a well-written intro.
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET
Student: Jaymie Brewer
Follow these procedures: If requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. This will become the first page of your assignment. In addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. This should be left justified, with the page number right justified. For example:
Save a copy of your assignments: You may need to re-submit an assignment at your instructor’s request. Make sure you save your files in accessible location.
Academic integrity: All work submitted in each course must be your own original work. This includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. Knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. This will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. It may also result in academic dismissal from the University.
| PSY 7108 | Dr. Weigand |
| Assignment #2 | |
Faculty Use Only
<Faculty comments here>
<Faculty Name> <Grade Earned> <Writing Score> <Date Graded>
Element |
Narrative Method | Phenomenological Method |
| Philosophical roots | Positivism | Interpretivism |
| Basic assumptions | -Narratives or stories shape a person’s identity-Humans make sense of their world by the stories they tell about it
-Beliefs and behaviors are based on good reasons -Narrative is a persuasive and vital form of interpretive discourse -Stories are symbolic actions that create social reality |
-It rejects the concept of objective research.-Analysis of human behavior can provide understanding of nature. -Persons should be explores because they present the society.
-There is a need to gather conscious experience rather than traditional data. |
| Terminology differences | Ways in which human experiences the world through examinations of individual and social stories | Descriptions of what people experience and how it is that they experience what they experience. |
| The means by which data are collected and material is gathered | Survey | In-depth interview |
| Purposes | To examine the stories,which people tell about their lives and prepare the narrative of those stories | To identify phenomena through how they are perceived by the actors in a situation |
| Specific challenges unique to each methodology | Different circumstances and conditions of a client and participant | Introspection and using first person data |
| Ethical differences in the client- participant relationship | Need to discose the purpose and nature of research | Misinterpretations of data |
Overall, it can be summarized that both narrative and phenomenological methods are differentiated on the basis of different characteristics, including philosophical roots, basic assumptions, terminology differences, data collection mean, specific challenges and ethical differences in the client-participant relationship. Phenomenological method is used to interpret the observations of the people regarding any subjective phenomenon, while the narrative method is related to the description of the stories of the people to explore the situations (Outhwaite & Turner, 2007).
At the same time, narrative method is based on positivism philosophical roots, whereas phenomenological research focuses on interpretivism philosophical roots to understand the problem. On the other hand, the basic assumptions of the narrative method are based on the stories of people, which relate to their experiences. But, the basic assumptions of phenomenonlogical method are based on the human behavior that reflects the nature of the problem (Lodico, Spaulding & Voegtle, 2010).Terminology of narrative method reflects the ways through which people experience their world through examination of individual and social stories.
On the other side, terminology of phenomenological method reflects the description of what people experience about any subjective phenomenon and how and what they experience about that phenomenon. In narrative method, data can be collected through survey, while in phenomenological method, data and material can be gathered through in-depth interview to develop comprehensive understanding about the phenomenon (Outhwaite & Turner, 2007).
At the same time, the purpose of phenomenonlogical method is to identify that how the phenomenon is perceived by the individuals in a particular situation, whereas the purpose of narrative method is to examine the stories that people tell about their lives and prepare their narrative to understand the situation. In narrative method, the challenge is different conditions and circumstances of client and participation that can cause conflicts in the views and concerns of both parties and can affect the outcomes of the research (Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen & Walker, 2013).
In phenomenologoical research, it can be difficult to ask participants to be introspective and the first person pointof view because introspection and using first person data can be unsuitable for being unscientific. At the same time, there are some ethical differences in both methods as in narrative method, there is need to disclose the nature and purpose of the research to the participant. While in phenomenological method, there is a need to avoid misinterpretation of data in the research (Outhwaite & Turner, 2007).
References
Ary, D., Jacobs, L., Sorensen, C., & Walker, D. (2013). Introduction to research in education. USA: Cengage Learning.
Lodico, M. G., Spaulding, D. T., & Voegtle, K. H. (2010). Methods in educational research: From theory to practice. USA: John Wiley & Sons.
Outhwaite, W., & Turner, S. (2007). The SAGE handbook of social science methodology. UK: Sage.
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