a. is raising an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the primary issue. This fallacy often appeals to fear or pity. The argument also can use guilt to manipulate others into agreement and action. It is often inserted into an argument to help a person win the argument without directly dealing with the real issue. It is irrelevant to the real issue at hand, though it may seem to be related. b. occurs when one makes a judgement on the bases of one or even a few samples. This argument is used when a conclusion is made without enough evidence. c. occurs in an argument when a person oversimplifies a complex issue to make it appear that only two alternatives are possible. There are times when only two options exist. However, when this fallacy does occur, you should ask yourself whether additional options are plausible. d. is to conclude that an effect has only one cause when in reality it is the result of multiple causes. It is also ignoring the complexity of the issue and omitting other vital information to draw a conclusion.; a. is raising an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the primary issue. This fallacy often appeals to fear or pity. The argument also can use guilt to manipulate others into agreement and action. It is often inserted into an argument to help a person win the argument without directly dealing with the real issue. It is irrelevant to the real issue at hand, though it may seem to be related. b. occurs when one makes a judgement on the bases of one or even a few samples. This argument is used when a conclusion is made without enough evidence. c. occurs in an argument when a person oversimplifies a complex issue to make it appear that only two alternatives are possible. There are times when only two options exist. However, when this fallacy does occur, you should ask yourself whether additional options are plausible. d. is to conclude that an effect has only one cause when in reality it is the result of multiple causes. It is also ignoring the complexity of the issue and omitting other vital information to draw a conclusion.