The evolution of gymnosperms

The evolution of gymnosperms brought forth two important structures for reproduction, the ______ and _______. The former allowed plants to become free from dependence on water for fertilization and develop a new process known as ____________. The latter improved the _________ of newly-formed sporophytes (embryos).

A-Sporophyte, Gametophyte, asexual reproduction, fruit production

B-Pollen Grain, Seed, fruit production, gametophyte

C-Microspore, Megaspore, dispersal, syngamy

D-Pollen Grain, Seed, internal fertilization, dispersal

2-Angiosperms are grouped in the phylum _________ and are the dominant plants of the flora today. They include over 350,000 species of plants that are of vital economic importance. Many species are utilized for medicine, others for food, and still others for the production of engineered materials, oils, plastics, and textiles.

A-Bryophyta

B-Angiophyta

C-Anthophyta

D- Angiosperma

3-The life cycle of angiosperms, the most highly-evolved land plants to date, illustrates dramatically the trend of reduction in size of the gametophyte and dominance of the sporophyte generation. In angiosperm reproduction, the _______ is the male gametophyte and the _________ is all that remains of the female gametophyte.

A-Sperm, egg

B- Pollen grain, embryo sac

C-Anther, pistil

D- Anther, carpel

4- All gymnosperms are ______ pollinated.

A-Water

B-Insect

C-Wind

D-Bat

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